Recent Progress in Microencapsulation of Active Peptides—Wall Material, Preparation, and Application: A Review

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Citation: Li, M.; Guo, Q.; Lin, Y.;
Bao, H.; Miao, S. Recent Progress
in Microencapsulation of Active
Peptides—Wall Material, Preparation,
and Application: A Review. Foods
2023,12, 896. https://doi.org/
10.3390/foods12040896
Academic Editors: Trinidad Perez
Palacios, Teresa Antequera
and Isabel Borrás-Linares
Received: 6 January 2023
Revised: 30 January 2023
Accepted: 16 February 2023
Published: 20 February 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
foods
Review
Recent Progress in Microencapsulation of Active
Peptides—Wall Material, Preparation, and Application:
A Review
Mengjie Li 1, Quanyou Guo 2, Yichen Lin 3, Hairong Bao 1,* and Song Miao 3,*
1College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
2East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
3Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, P61C996 Fermoy, Ireland
*Correspondence: hrbao@shou.edu.cn (H.B.); song.miao@teagasc.ie (S.M.)
Abstract:
Being a natural active substance with a wide variety of sources, easy access, significant
curative effect, and high safety, active peptides have gradually become one of the new research
directions in food, medicine, agriculture, and other fields in recent years. The technology associated
with active peptides is constantly evolving. There are obvious difficulties in the preservation, delivery,
and slow release of exposed peptides. Microencapsulation technology can effectively solve these
difficulties and improve the utilization rate of active peptides. In this paper, the commonly used
materials for embedding active peptides (natural polymer materials, modified polymer materials, and
synthetic polymer materials) and embedding technologies are reviewed, with emphasis on four new
technologies (microfluidics, microjets, layer-by-layer self-assembly, and yeast cells). Compared with
natural materials, modified materials and synthetic polymer materials show higher embedding
rates and mechanical strength. The new technology improves the preparation efficiency and embed-
ding rate of microencapsulated peptides and makes the microencapsulated particle size tend to be
controllable. In addition, the current application of peptide microcapsules in different fields was
also introduced. Selecting active peptides with different functions, using appropriate materials and
efficient preparation technology to achieve targeted delivery and slow release of active peptides in
the application system, will become the focus of future research.
Keywords:
active peptides; microcapsules; wall material; microencapsulation technology;
application of peptides microcapsule
1. Introduction
Peptides are organic compounds formed by the condensation of two or more
α
-
amino acids through peptide bonds, and they can be synthesized in all cells. Active
peptide fragments can be used in a variety of ways to regulate the organism or to pro-
vide nutrients for the growth and development of the body [
1
]. The quality of such
biologically active functional peptides is usually high. The molecular weights of these
active peptides are usually less than 6000 Da, and their specific functions are deter-
mined by the amino acid types and sequences, including antioxidant [
2
], hypotensive [
3
],
anti-bacterial [4],
anti-thrombotic [
5
], hypoglycemic [
6
], immunomodulatory [
7
], mineral
absorption
promoting [8],
anti-tumor [
9
], anti-radiation [
10
], etc. Active peptides can be
derived from animals, including reptiles [
11
], cattle [
12
], fish [
13
], egg [
14
], drosophila [
15
],
shrimp [
16
]; plants, including soybean [
17
], corn [
18
], wheat [
19
], chickpea [
20
]; and mi-
croorganisms, including yeast [
21
], fungi [
22
], mushroom [
23
], and spirulina [
24
]. Due to
their high safety, wide source, and significant effects, active peptides have good application
prospects in food, medicine, agriculture, and other fields, including in the priority devel-
opment field by the National Development and Reform Commission in 2017. However,
naked peptides are easily affected by temperature, humidity, light, and other environmental
Foods 2023,12, 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12040896 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/foods
Foods 2023,12, 896 2 of 18
factors in the natural environment. In addition, factors such as pH and enzymes in the
internal environment of the body will also make the naked peptides unable to play their
best role. All of these make their practical applications limited [25].
Microencapsulation technology can improve the utilization rate of the active peptides.
Microencapsulation technology is a kind of encapsulation technology based on nanocarri-
ers, which has gradually become a popular means to protect bioactive agents in recent years.
The microencapsulation of peptides refers to the selection of appropriate wall materials
and the use of physical, chemical, or physicochemical methods [
26
] to embed the active
peptides, in order to give play to the advantages of isolating the interaction between the
active peptide and the external environment. A lot of research shows that microencapsu-
lation structure has significant effects on maintaining the activity of functional peptides,
burying the undesirable odor, improving the adsorption of active peptides, improving the
stability, controlling the release, etc. [
27
,
28
]. In this paper, the research progress of active
peptide microcapsules in recent years was reviewed, and the wall materials commonly
used in peptide microcapsules were analyzed. Compared with traditional natural wall ma-
terials, the polymer wall materials prepared by modification or synthesis showed a better
embedding effect, a controlled release effect, and mechanical strength. Four kinds of micro-
capsule preparation technologies are introduced, among which, fluid control technology is
the representative of the new technology, which can accurately control the microcapsule
size, realize the mass production of microcapsules, and avoid the damage caused by high
temperature to the active substance. The practical application effects of microencapsulated
peptides in different fields are summarized, in order to provide reference for technological
innovation, industrial production, and application of microencapsulated peptides.
2. Wall Materials of Peptide Microcapsules
Microcapsules are a combination of wall and core materials, and wall materials with
different properties will have different effects on the physicochemical properties of core
materials [
29
], which also involves the selection of subsequent preparation methods. The
wall material is generally required not to react with the core material, has the mechanical
strength to protect the core material, and has certain solubility, fluidity, emulsification,
stability, etc. [30].
Therefore, it is important to choose a suitable and economical wall mate-
rial, according to the characteristics of the core material and the actual application. Polymer
materials are the most commonly used wall materials in microencapsulation, including
natural polymer materials, naturally modified polymer materials, and completely synthetic
polymer materials [
31
]. The use of relevant materials in active peptides microcapsules is
summarized in the following section.
2.1. Natural Polymer Wall Materials
Common natural polymer wall materials can be divided into carbohydrates, proteins,
and lipids [
32
]. Such materials are widely used in the preparation of peptides micro-
capsules, due to their broad variety of natural sources, non-toxicity, non-irritation, good
biocompatibility, and film-forming properties.
2.1.1. Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are green, nutritious, and healthy macromolecules, containing monomers
with only three elements (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen), which are polymerized through
glycosidic bonds. Among them, sodium alginate, chitosan, pectin, and cellulose have
promising applications in drug delivery.
Alginate is a natural polysaccharide extracted from brown algae or bacterial cell walls.
Due to its good solubility, biocompatibility, gelation, ease of film formation, and natu-
ral non-toxicity, alginate has been widely used in the preparation of antibacterial films,
dressings, microcapsule wall materials, hydrogels, and other aspects [
33
–
35
]. Calcium
chloride solution is often added to sodium alginate, and alginate and metal particles
are complexed to form calcium alginate gel systems to obtain stronger toughness and
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