Extrusion and chlorogenic acid treatment increase the ordered structure and resistant starch levels in rice starch with amelioration of gut lipid metabolism in obese rats

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Food &

Function

Linking the chemistry and physics of food with health and nutrition

rsc.li/food-function

Volume 15

Number 10

21 May 2024

Pages 5183-5666

ISSN 2042-650X

PAPER

Ling Chen, Bo Zheng et al.

Extrusion and chlorogenic acid treatment increase the

ordered structure and resistant starch levels in rice starch

with amelioration of gut lipid metabolism in obese rats

Food &

Function

PAPER

Cite this: Food Funct., 2024, 15, 5224

Received 7th December 2023,

Accepted 31st March 2024

DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05416k

rsc.li/food-function

Extrusion and chlorogenic acid treatment increase

the ordered structure and resistant starch levels in

rice starch with amelioration of gut lipid

metabolism in obese rats†

Xixi Zeng, Ling Chen * and Bo Zheng *

Dietary interventions are receiving increasing attention for maintaining host health and diminishing

disease risk. This study endeavored to elucidate the intervention eﬀect of chlorogenic acid coupled with

extruded rice starch (CGA-ES) in mitigating lipid metabolism disorders induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in

rats. First, a signiﬁcant increase in resistant starch (RS) and a decrease in the predicted glycemic index

(pGI) were observed in CGA-ES owing to the formation of an ordered structure (Dm, single helix, and

V-type crystalline structure) and partly released CGA. Compared to a physical mixture of starch and

chlorogenic acid (CGA + S), CGA-ES showed a more potent eﬀect in alleviating lipid metabolism dis-

orders, manifesting as reduced levels of blood glucose, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG),

aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP), as well as

body weight. It is correlated with an improvement in the gut microecology, featuring bacteria known for

cholesterol reduction and butyrate production (Butyricicoccus,Biﬁdobacterium,Fusicatenibacter,

Turicibacter, and Enterorhabdus), along with bile acid, butyrate and PG (PG (17:0/16:0) and PG (18:1/

16:0)). The RS fraction of CGA-ES was found to be the main contributor. These ﬁndings would provide

evidence for future studies to regulate lipid metabolism disorders, and even obesity using CGA-ES.

1. Introduction

In recent years, lipid metabolism disorders, characterized by

abnormal levels of lipids and metabolites in blood and

tissues, have become very common and should be emphasized

because of their close association with various metabolic dis-

eases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease,

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer.

1,2

High-fat diet

(HFD) is recognized as a major contributor to the disorders of

lipid metabolism. Prolonged consumption of a high-fat diet

has a significant impact on human metabolism, particularly

lipid metabolism. In general, this leads to elevated levels of

total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipo-

protein cholesterol (LDL-C), while high-density lipoprotein

cholesterol (HDL-C) levels decrease, accompanied by an

increase in body weight.

In a grave manner, these changes

can seriously compromise the organ function and structure,

fueling a concerning increase in the prevalence of the meta-

bolic syndrome.

In light of this, the control and treatment of

lipid metabolism disorders before the emergence of clinical

diseases are of paramount importance.

Lipid metabolism is a complex process that involves the

regulation of glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol, which are

often intertwined. Glucose can undergo conversion into fatty

acids and cholesterol via de novo lipid biosynthesis pathways.

Growing evidence shows that controlling the absorption of

glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride would be beneficial for

the balance of lipid metabolism.

6,7

As one of the body’s

primary sources of energy, digestible starches could exacerbate

postprandial lipemia, and the generated glucose would

promote the uptake of cholesterol, which has the risk of

increasing serum cholesterol.

The resistant starch (RS),

known for its indigestibility and absence of glucose production

in the upper gastrointestinal tract, has been found to play a

crucial role in glucose homeostasis, fat metabolism, chole-

sterol levels and mineral absorption.

In an experiment of

Wistar rats, the consumption of higher levels of RS for 22 days

caused a decrease in body weight, serum TC and serum TG.

In a research study involving 12 individuals, meals containing

5.4% RS significantly increased fat oxidation and had the

†Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: https://doi.org/

10.1039/d3fo05416k

School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for

Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research

Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South

China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.

E-mail: felchen@scut.edu.cn, bzheng@scut.edu.cn

Published on 16 April 2024. Downloaded on 7/2/2024 8:35:42 AM.

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Extrusion and chlorogenic acid treatment increase the ordered structure and resistant starch levels in rice starch with amelioration of gut lipid metabolism in obese rats

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