Electrospray-Assisted Fabrication of Dextran–Whey Protein Isolation Microcapsules for the Encapsulation of Selenium-Enriched Peptide

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Citation: He, J.; Wang, Z.; Wei, L.; Ye,

Y.; Din, Z.-u.; Zhou, J.; Cong, X.;

Cheng, S.; Cai, J. Electrospray-

Assisted Fabrication of Dextran–

Whey Protein Isolation

Microcapsules for the Encapsulation

of Selenium-Enriched Peptide. Foods

2023,12, 1008. https://doi.org/

10.3390/foods12051008

Academic Editor: Jayani

Chandrapala

Received: 6 December 2022

Revised: 2 February 2023

Accepted: 8 February 2023

Published: 27 February 2023

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article

distributed under the terms and

conditions of the Creative Commons

Attribution (CC BY) license (https://

creativecommons.org/licenses/by/

4.0/).

foods

Article

Electrospray-Assisted Fabrication of Dextran–Whey Protein

Isolation Microcapsules for the Encapsulation of

Selenium-Enriched Peptide

Jiangling He 1,† , Zhenyu Wang 1,2,†, Lingfeng Wei 1, Yuanyuan Ye 1,2, Zia-ud Din 3, Jiaojiao Zhou 1, Xin Cong 1,

Shuiyuan Cheng 1and Jie Cai 1,2,*

1National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, Hubei Engineering Research Center

for Deep Processing of Green Se-Rich Agricultural Products, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science

and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China

2Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory

for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University,

Wuhan 430023, China

3Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Women University Swabi, Swabi 23430,

Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan

*Correspondence: caijievip@whpu.edu.cn

† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Abstract:

Selenium-enriched peptide (SP, selenopeptide) is an excellent organic selenium supple-

ment that has attracted increasing attention due to its superior physiological effects. In this study,

dextran–whey protein isolation–SP (DX-WPI-SP) microcapsules were fabricated via high-voltage elec-

trospraying technology. The results of preparation process optimization showed that the optimized

preparation process parameters were 6% DX (w/v), feeding rate Q= 1 mL/h, voltage U= 15 kV, and

receiving distance H= 15 cm. When the content of WPI (w/v) was 4–8%, the average diameter of

the as-prepared microcapsules was no more than 45

m, and the loading rate for SP ranged from

~46% to ~37%. The DX-WPI-SP microcapsules displayed excellent antioxidant capacity. The thermal

stability of the microencapsulated SP was improved, which was attributed to the protective effects of

the wall materials for SP. The release performance was investigated to disclose the sustained-release

capacity of the carrier under different pH values and an in-vitro-simulated digestion environment.

The digested microcapsule solution showed negligible inﬂuence on the cellular cytotoxicity of Caco-2

cells. Overall, our work provides a facile strategy of electrospraying microcapsules for the functional

encapsulation of SP and witnesses a broad prospect that the DX-WPI-SP microcapsules can exhibit

great potential in the food processing ﬁeld.

Keywords:

selenium-enriched peptide; microcapsule; electrospray; release performance;

cytotoxicity evaluation

1. Introduction

Selenium (Se) is an indispensable micronutrient for human health. In nature, Se is

mainly present in two forms, which are inorganic selenium (selenite, sodium selenite) and

organic selenium (seleno amino acids, selenium polysaccharides, selenoproteins, etc.) [

Organic selenium has the superiorities of lower toxicity and higher bioavailability compared

to inorganic selenium. Organic selenium is also much safer and can be used as a nutritional

supplement for selenium-deﬁcient people. Previous studies have claimed that the intake

of super-nutritional selenium can ﬁght cancer [2]. Therefore, people in selenium-deﬁcient

areas can select selenium-rich foods as dietary additives to keep healthy. Plant-derived

selenium-enriched peptide (SP, selenopeptide) has a high biological activity, and this

superiority makes it an important source of selenium supplements. The intake of SP

can endow the human body with many biological effects, such as antioxidant agents [

Foods 2023,12, 1008. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12051008 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/foods

Foods 2023,12, 1008 2 of 14

ﬁghting cancer [

], ﬁghting inﬂammation [

], and immune regulation [

]. However, SP is

unstable, easily denatured, and inactivated under the stimulation of oxygen, heat, alkali,

etc. It is necessary to overcome these weaknesses to cater to food and other applications.

Microencapsulation has been utilized to protect functional ingredients from harsh

factors [

]. The unstable matter is encapsulated within polymers to form a composite to

protect the matter from the external environment. Microencapsulation technology can over-

come these problems and promote applications in the food ﬁeld, such as the encapsulation

of fats/oil [

], vitamins [

], minerals [

], and biologically active substances [

–

The methods to construct microcapsules are mainly divided into chemical methods (in-

situ polymerization, interfacial polymerization, complex coacervation), physical methods

(air suspension method, spray drying method), and physical–chemical methods (sol-gel

encapsulation method, supercritical CO

-assisted method) [

]. Ko et al. prepared sulforaphane

microcapsules via freeze-drying with poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) as the wall material for os-

teoarthritis treatment [

], but the residual toxic solvents can seriously impede the applications.

Electrospraying technology can be used to prepare microparticles or nanoparticles

via an electrohydrodynamic jet [

]. In recent years, it has been regarded as a direct and

common method to fabricate nanoparticles and microparticles [

–

]. Compared with

traditional technologies, electrospraying technology has the advantages of high efﬁciency

and high yield. The electrospraying technology relies on a physical electric ﬁeld to fabricate

microcapsules without the use of heat, where the activity of functional ingredients can be

well maintained. Thus, this technology is an excellent tool for encapsulating heat-sensitive

substances. The as-prepared particles via electrospraying technology have uniform and

controllable size distribution, good repeatability, and high production efﬁciency. There-

fore, more attention has been paid to the research of electrospraying for the embedding

and delivery of active substances [

–

]. Electrospraying technology has been used for

the biopolymer encapsulation of functional food extracts to enhance their stability [

Costamagna et al. reported that a Chañar extract, rich in polyphenols, was encapsulated

into the zein shell by electrospraying, where the stability of the extract was signiﬁcantly

improved [

]. Similarly, Mahalakshmi et al. prepared microcapsules via electrospray-

ing technology to effectively embed

-carotene into zein to enhance its stability against

surrounding environments [26].

Electrospraying is a gentle treatment method, which is similar to electrospinning

technology, and an electrospraying device generally consists of three parts: (1) an injection

module (syringe and syringe pump); (2) a high-voltage generator connected to a syringe

needle for generating high voltage; (3) a receiving module (titanium alloy plate, rotating

titanium alloy receiving rod or receiving solution). For the electrospraying process, it is

essential to use a polymer with good solubility. Whey protein isolation (WPI) is a kind

of excellent water-soluble and food-grade material with high nutrition. In addition, WPI

has the potential to be used as functional encapsulation and a controlled-release delivery

system due to its easily functional property and excellent biocompatibility [

]. However,

excessive dissolution is a major challenge for some bioactive compounds. Dextran (DX) is

an electroneutral and water-soluble polysaccharide with numerous physiological effects.

Reported work has demonstrated that the introduction of DX can delay the dissolution

rate of protein [

]. The interaction between proteins and polysaccharides can improve the

structure, stability, encapsulation, and other speciﬁc functional properties [

]. Moreover,

there are rare reports on interactions between proteins and non-charged polysaccharides.

The interaction mechanism between proteins and uncharged polysaccharides is still not

clear, especially regarding the ternary composite system (DX, WPI, and SP). Therefore,

the study of the physicochemical properties and controlled-release properties of protein–

peptide–polysaccharide ternary composite microcapsules is signiﬁcant for exploring the

potential prospects of SP in food ﬁelds.

Herein, electrospraying technology is employed to fabricate ternary composite micro-

capsules composed of DX and WPI as the wall material and SP as the core material. The

utilized parameters to prepare DX-WPI-SP microcapsules are as follows: 6% DX, feeding

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